A Frozen Chesapeake Bay

January 31st, 2011 by Sarah

Can you imagine sledding across the Chesapeake Bay? In the winter on 1976-1977 the ice was so thick that a tracto could tow a sled under the Bay Bridge. Image courtesy of Baltimore or Less, photo by Bob Grieser.

During the “Big Freeze” of 1976-1977, people could walk and skate across the ice that covered the Chesapeake Bay. Image courtesy of Baltimore or Less, photo by Bob Grieser.

Students love snow…  and snow days!  Last week, we certainly saw enough of our favorite type of winter weather to capture their attention.  This week, why not try to focus that energy to teach about times when the bay has frozen over?

Did you even know that it is possible for the Chesapeake Bay to freeze over?  It’s true!  During the winter of 1779-1780 ice in the bay was so thick that carriages could be driven over it from Annapolis to Poplar Island.  The winter of 1976-1977 was similarly severe.  Ice on the bay was so solid that the National Guard was mobilized to deliver food and supplies to stranded residents on Smith and Tangier Islands.

Talking about Chesapeake Bay freeze-ups can help teach students about estuaries and salinity. In an estuary, such as the Chesapeake Bay, tributary rivers deliver freshwater that mixes with saltwater from the ocean.  This mixture of freshwater and saltwater is called brackish water.  Saltwater, which is denser then freshwater, sinks below the freshwater.  Mixing between the two can be influenced by tides, winds, currents, waves, temperature, and the amount of freshwater runoff.  Saltwater freezes at a lower temperature then freshwater, and because the Chesapeake Bay is brackish, it rarely freezes over.

It is easy to teach about how waters with different salinities freeze at different temperatures!  To do so, all you need is a freezer, tap water, table salt, a thermometer, masking tape, a permanent marker, and six Tupperware containers/beakers.  Label two of the beakers “Freshwater,” two “Brackish,” and two “Sea Water.”  In the “Sea Water” containers, mix 10 tablespoons of table salt with one cup of water.  Mix 5 tablespoons of table salt with one cup of water in the two “Brackish” containers, and add one cup of water with no salt to the two containers labeled “Freshwater.”  Have students use the thermometer to check the water temperature in each container after 30 minutes, one hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours.  If some ice has formed, try to check the temperature under the water.  Have students discuss how and why ice forms more quickly in waters with lower salinity.  Ask students where they think ice would be more likely to start forming in the Chesapeake Bay: in tributaries or at the bay’s mouth.

Check out the following resources for more information on Chesapeake Bay freeze-ups and for similar lesson plans on salinity:

Lesson Plans:

  • Density and Salinity – This resource from the UCLA Marine Science Center includes multiple activity lessons addressing sea ice, icebergs, conductivity, making and using a hydrometer, and the layering of water.
  • Can Sea Water Freeze? – In this lesson from McREL, students will learn about the unique properties of sea water, including that its freezing point is slightly lower than that of freshwater.
  • Can Sea Water Freeze? – NASA’s Aquarius provides this lesson about how salt and other substances impact the freezing point of water.

News Articles:

Additional Resources:

Sarah Brzezinski works for the Chesapeake Research Consortium as the Chesapeake Bay Program's Fostering Stewardship and Education Workgroup Team Staffer. She also serves as the content manager of Bay Backpack.

Stories Told, Stories Untold

January 27th, 2011 by Krissy

During her tenure at Bay Backpack, Krissy participated in many volunteer opportunities. At this event she helped the National Aquarium in Baltimore plant marsh grass on Barren Island in the Chesapeake Bay

In the beginning, I had my doubts that Bay Backpack would ever get its feet off the ground.  But time would prove that persistence and a good idea could overcome any odds.  Just look how far the Backpack community has come. Last year, 13,990 visitors accessed the site from 106 countries.  I guess you could say Backpack has gone international.

Backpack promotes a style of teaching that is the way education should be.  Education should be about student exploration, investigation, and action.  It should expose students to the environment, not separate them from it.  It should open a forum to discuss real world issues in the classroom.

But often teachers feel constrained by their pacing guides, standards of learning, and textbooks. They feel they have neither the time nor the resources to get their students outside. But Backpack has shown us that educators, especially K-12 teachers, can succeed at incorporating outdoor learning into their curricula.  We know this because of the inspiration stories told through the School Spotlight; personal tales of how teachers got their projects off the ground.

Stories like that of Cynthia Walsh, who was inspired to create an outdoor classroom at her school after she attended a professional development workshop on box turtle monitoring. Or Carl Rollins whose organization helped provide 40,000 DC students with fresh, local berries, and greens. Or Barbara Shaughnessy, who sparked a $6 million renovation that transformed her school’s straggly courtyard into an outdoor learning environment with “classroom” spaces (from physical education to music) that connect students to the outside.

In urban, suburban, and rural communities everywhere untapped opportunities abound.  Cynthia, Carl, and Barbara prove that with a little creativity, persistence, and outside of the box thinking success is possible anywhere. The thing that makes their stories different is they were empowered to be leaders in their communities. They took the first and often hardest step. Instead of fear they felt empowerment.  Instead of challenges they saw opportunities. They lit the spark at their school and shared their story with their peers and the Backpack community.

Their spark may serve as a light to inspire others to do the same. So take the time this year, in 2011, to think creatively, keep your irons in the fire, and build on the success of others to create your own story.  Then inspire others by sharing your story with anyone who will listen. If you have a story you think will inspire others, email Sarah and get your story posted on Backpack.

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Krissy Hopkins is a former Chesapeake Bay Program Staffer and is currently pursuing her PhD in geology at the University of Pittsburgh.

Why Teach About Environmental Responsibility?

January 24th, 2011 by Kristin

Getting kids involved in outdoor activities is a great way to inspire environmental responsibility! Image courtesy of the Chesapeake Bay Program

Growing up I used to watch a show called Captain Planet, named for the leader of a team of “pollution fighters” who would stop environmental destruction around the globe with their super powers. At the end of the show, after the team had saved the day, Captain Planet would look at the camera and say, “The power is yours!” This concept has stuck with me for most of my life, because of how true it really is. In the real world there are no environmental super heroes, there are just people who can choose to do something positive or do nothing.

Why Should YOU Teach about Environmental Responsibility?

It is a widely agreed upon notion that the sooner you start teaching a child to act a certain way or perform certain tasks, the more likely they are to continue to do that action as they grow older. This means the younger children are when they start learning about their responsibility to the environment, the more likely they will continue to want to protect it in the future. What better place for them to learn these skills than in a classroom?

Another reason why you should teach environmental responsibility is due to the standard question, “What did you learn in school today?” This question is asked daily by parents and guardians of the students that you teach. Not only do the parents want to know what their children are learning, but the students are eager to share with their parents! If you teach your students that when their parents do not use lawn fertilizer properly or during the right season, it can negatively affect water bodies in their area, they will go home and tell their parents “I learned that lawn fertilizer can hurt the plants and animals living in the water near our house, and that we should only use it in the fall.” By default, you are perhaps educating older generations and changing their behavior.

The Chesapeake Bay is a great example to use when demonstrating the impact one person can have on the environment. For example, many people including young students do not know that there are 7 different jurisdictions (6 states and the District of Columbia) in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and although it may not seem possible, the actions of what people do in headwater states like New York and West Virginia affect the health of the Chesapeake. There are over 16.6 million people living in the watershed, and it will be impossible for the Bay to be restored if everyone does not do their part.

How Can YOU Teach About Environmental Responsibility?

Teaching your students to be environmentally conscious is also something that is very easy to do and will require little to no effort to implement. One way is through how materials are handled in the classroom. Make sure you have different colored bins for different kinds of recycling, and you review what materials should be grouped together.

A great exercise to do with your students to demonstrate the impact one person can have is to give each student a couple pieces of trash (bottles, paper, pencils) and have them form a winding line to represent a stream. Have the first student take one of their pieces of trash and pass it to the person next to them. The person next to them will pass their trash plus the one they just received to the person next to them and so on. The last person in the line will end up with all the trash. This is a simple way to model how trash is carried from higher upstream, to people who live farther downstream, just like the Chesapeake Bay.

Here are some links to help you incorporate environmental responsibility into the classroom:

Kristin Foringer is the Communications and Development Associate at the Chesapeake Bay Trust. She can be reached at 410-974-2941, ext. 113 or at kforinger@cbtrust.org. Kristin is also a former Environmental Management Staffer at the Chesapeake Bay Program.

Creating a Sense of Chesapeake Community

January 20th, 2011 by Lindsay

Peyton Robertson, the director of NOAA's Chesapeake Bay Office, kicked off Bay Backpack’s launch event in 2010 by announcing the official launch of the website.

Mike Land from the National Park Service demonstrated the different features found on Bay Backpack’s at the launch event.

An impressive number of people attended the Bay Backpack launch event at the Annapolis Maritime Museum.

Upon beginning my job with the Chesapeake Bay Program, there was something in the back of my mind that I would have loved to work on a website for students about the Chesapeake Bay. Little did I know that something similar was already in the works.

When Krissy approached me and told me about this project, I was in love with her concept for Bay Backpack. I saw the development along the way, got to proofread some of the content for her, and saw my role in the website increasing as time went on. Still, I didn’t realize how much Backpack would come to consume my work life.

I remember when Krissy asked me to produce an info sheet for her as marketing materials. I was so psyched to have something creative and fun to work on – to design it completely and to try to “sell” this amazing website. I also helped Krissy with the planning of the launch event for Bay Backpack, held at the end of January last year. Seeing my flier out on the table with the Backpack pencils, notepads, flower seeds and other brochures was pretty cool.

But the coolest thing was seeing how many people showed up for the launch of this great new resource. Watching as teachers came up to Krissy to talk to her about this admirable project was enlightening. Sometimes, it’s hard to tell that what we’re doing is making a difference. But this event, coupled with the feedback we get on the site, proves that we really are. I was so proud of Krissy when I was observing this event, and so proud to be a small part of the Backpack family.

My involvement continued after the site officially launched, mainly as a proofreader for my colleague. But when it became obvious that there was going to be a gap between Krissy leaving her position to pursue her Ph.D. and someone being hired as her replacement, I saw that my role would have to increase.

Krissy asked Kristin and I to manage the site, tag-teaming the blogging, website content and social networking aspects of the job. I didn’t realize what a hard job it could sometimes be to create content for the site. Convincing people to be guest bloggers (and follow through with it) is harder than you may think. Getting people to read the blog posts is even harder – but Kristin took care of that for me with her ever-increasing Twitter proficiency!

At first, I was intimidated by the tasks. But soon, I was thriving under the deadlines. Having a solid weekly deadline got me back to my journalism roots, whether I was the writer or the editor. I loved getting emails from people wanting to contribute to the blog. I loved reading about their experiences and being able to help them share them with a broader audience. I loved the community that the site provided, the community that took me in without hesitation.

When our new staffer was hired, I felt a mixture of sadness and relief. I would no longer have to be rushing to get something ready for a Monday morning post if I didn’t have anything at 2 p.m. on Friday. But I would also be losing a lot of my responsibility and sense of community in this job.

I am confident that Sarah is going to continue to take Backpack on a great journey, and I’m looking forward to continuing to help out where I can.

The first year of Backpack has been a great learning experience for me, and I can’t wait to see where it’s headed in its second year. One thing is for sure – we couldn’t have gotten it to its second year without all of you, so thank you! For reading, for contributing and for just wanting to educate about the environment! Please let us know if there is anything else we can do for you.

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Lindsay Eney is the Communications Staffer at the Chesapeake Bay Program.

What’s Your Ocean Connection?

January 17th, 2011 by David

No matter where we live, we’re all connected to the ocean.

The Get Green Video Contest is asking U.S. high school students to Show Us Your Ocean ConnectionPlanet Connect, an online social network where high school students can learn about current environmental issues, wants students to make a 30 -120 second video and show us how your everyday actions impact the ocean, whether you live on the coast or 1,000 miles from the sea.  We want students to get their video cameras ready and to be creative to win cash or other great prizes from Samsung, including the Galaxy Tab and an HD Camcorder.

Need more info on how we are all connected to the ocean?  Don’t live near a coast? Humans impact the ocean in a variety of ways, including through pollution, climate change and overfishing.

Check out these ocean facts:

  • The ocean covers 71 percent of the Earth’s surface (an area of about 140 million square miles) and contains 97 percent of the planet’s water.
  • Water from 31 states drains into the Mississippi River – which then leads to the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year. Plastic remains in our ecosystem for years harming thousands of sea creatures everyday.
  • The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released more than 211 million gallons of light, sweet crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico.
  • The oil slick produced by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill covered as much as 28,958 square miles (75,000 square kilometers), an area about the size of South Carolina.

Entries accepted until February 23, 2011. The first 100 entrants will receive a free re-usable Eco Falls water bottle!

See all of the contest details here: http://www.planetconnect.org/2011getgreen

In addition to showing the connection we all have with the oceans, students can visit Planet Connect to learn more about funding opportunities, green colleges and environmental careers. Students can also share and exchange ideas about how they are playing a critical role in solving today’s environmental issues.

We know students can make a difference. Here’s their chance to inspire others now!

David Lanham is an Education Program Coordinator for the National Environmental Education Foundation

What I Learned from Bay Backpack

January 13th, 2011 by Kristin

Kristin Foringer helped manage Bay Backpack's Twitter and Facebook accounts during 2010.

When Lindsay and I were approached with the opportunity to work on Bay Backpack I was immediately excited and ready to get started as soon as possible. I had attended the launch event for the website in January 2010, and was so impressed with how much work Krissy had put into creating this database. Now, I would have a chance to help Krissy’s project continue by spreading the word about Bay Backpack everywhere I could.

During my time helping with Bay Backpack, I mostly handled the Twitter and Facebook accounts. I also promoted Bay Backpack at conferences I attended (see guerilla-marketing blog post). Working on the site gave me a lot of experience in a field that I am newly interested in, environmental communications. Managing the social media platforms for Backpack allowed me to learn first hand how useful they can be for marketing a product and how quickly information can spread through them. It was always rewarding when I was able to have information I had sent out duplicated and republished by other Twitter and Facebook users. This let me know that what Bay Backpack was providing was important to people and they were genuinely interested in using the site.

During the time that I have been involved with Bay Backpack, I have always received a lot of great feedback when I talked to teachers and environmental educators about the site. When I went to the North American Association for Environmental Educators (NAAEE) conference in Buffalo, NY, I talked to so many educators who were thrilled by the fact that there was a website that compiled environmental education resources. Most of them did not even live in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, but knew that any of the lessons and activities on the site could be adapted to apply to any watershed. Many of these educators were so interested in the site that they wrote blogs that you may have read.

I have really enjoyed working on Bay Backpack. It has really given me a lot of experience in a field that I hope to enter into in the future. More importantly, it gave me an opportunity to work on something that I know can have a major impact on the education of our youth and the health of the Chesapeake Bay. My hope is that Bay Backpack continues to grow in the coming years and is utilized by teachers and environmental educators throughout the watershed, especially in Maryland, where it can be a great tool for teachers to help fulfill the new environmental education requirements.

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Kristin Foringer is the Communications and Development Associate at the Chesapeake Bay Trust. She can be reached at 410-974-2941, ext. 113 or at kforinger@cbtrust.org. Kristin is also a former Environmental Management Staffer at the Chesapeake Bay Program.

Environmental Solutions for a Brighter Future!

January 10th, 2011 by David

With Classroom Earth, teachers can incorporate environmental lessons in to the classroom.

Environmental education benefits students — increasing their understanding of how earth’s resources and natural systems work, familiarizing them with our relationship to wildlife, offering opportunities for hands-on activities and inquiry-based learning, and providing practical information.  In order for students to receive meaningful environmental education, it is critical that their teachers have the necessary skills and knowledge.  Essential to a teacher’s ability to serve in this role as environmental educator is not only an understanding of environmental concepts and issues, but familiarity with the best practices for integrating these concepts into their established curriculum.  Whether a teacher focuses on science, math or social studies, environmental education can provide experiences that link what they are learning to their local environment.

Are you an educator specifically interested in enhancing your understanding of the living world and learning to teach about wildlife conservation in your subject area?

Classroom Earth, a program designed to enhance and strengthen environmental education in high school classrooms nationwide, is supporting middle and high school teachers around the country who want to make wildlife conservation part of their curriculum.  Classroom Earth’s 2011 Professional Development Grants will enable applicants to take one six-week online course offered by the Wildlife Conservation Society to create a strong foundation in wildlife conservation. Participating teachers will be better equipped to bring wildlife conservation education into the classroom, facilitate scientific learning and to connect students with their natural surroundings.  The Classroom Earth grant opportunity will also support teachers to earn graduate level credit.

But that’s not all! Have any students looking to take their environmental interests to the next step?

Planet Connect grants help students preserve wildlife in their local communities.

Planet Connect is an online social network where high school students can learn about current environmental issues, funding opportunities, green colleges and environmental careers. Students can also share and exchange ideas about how they are playing a critical role in solving today’s environmental issues.

Do you know any students interested in helping preserve wildlife? Whether you’re in a city, rural area or a suburb, wildlife is all around you. In many places, that wildlife faces challenges. If you’re a high school student with a creative idea for conserving and protecting wildlife, Planet Connect is offering grants of $1,000 to implement projects and participate in a local internship focused on wildlife conservation or natural resources.

We know students can make a difference. Here’s their chance to inspire others now!

Read more about the teacher’s professional development grants here: http://classroomearth.org/2011wcgrants

Read more about the student’s wildlife conservation grants here: http://www.planet-connect.org/2011wcgrants

David Lanham is an Education Program Coordinator for the National Environmental Education Foundation

Climate Science Workshop – Session 1: An Introduction to Climate Science

January 7th, 2011 by Sarah

This winter, the NOAA Environmental Science Training Center is offering a series of workshops for environmental and non-formal educators on climate change and the impacts of climate change on the Chesapeake Bay.

This workshop series will bring together educators and scientists from throughout the region to explore the science that drives our understanding of climate change and find ways to incorporate that science into our education programs for students, teachers and the general public.

Session 1 in the workshop series will begin on January 27 with an introduction to the topic and a general look at the science occurring in the Chesapeake Bay region.   The workshops will take place at NOAA’s Environmental Science Training Center in Oxford, Maryland, and will be about four hours long. If you are interested in participating, contact Bart Merrick at bart.merrick@noaa.gov.

You can visit the Environmental Science Training Center’s website to learn more about this workshop series, or you can simply register for the first workshop.

Sarah Brzezinski works for the Chesapeake Research Consortium as the Chesapeake Bay Program's Fostering Stewardship and Education Workgroup Team Staffer. She also serves as the content manager of Bay Backpack.

Bay Backpack: The Year Ahead

January 6th, 2011 by Sarah

Bay Backpack promotional materials were distributed at the website’s launch event, January 28, 2010

As Bay Backpack’s one-year anniversary approaches, my first year at Bay Backpack begins.  I am very excited to start taking on management of this valuable resource and am look forward to collaborating with everyone who is interested in Bay-related Environmental Education.

I come from a family of teachers.  My mom, dad, sister, uncle, and aunt are all employed as public school teachers in Maryland.  As a new member of Bay Backpack’s management team, and as someone with first-hand knowledge of how hard teachers work, one of the things that has impressed me the most about this website is its scope.  Having such a wide variety of Chesapeake Bay and environmentally focused lesson plans, training events, and funding opportunities in one place provides teachers with easy access to a wealth of information and ideas for their classrooms. The number of resources at this exciting site amazes me, and the great thing is that there are still so many more we can add!

At Bay Backpack, we hope to continue expanding to provide a wide range of resources to help educate and foster stewardship in students and staff alike!  Our Teaching Resources section, for example, will continue to include a variety of new and updated programs.  Be sure to keep checking back as we add more government resources, including National Park Service, NOAA, and EPA programs and curricula.

In the coming year, everyone here at Bay Backpack wants to make sure that this website continues to provide teachers with as much environmentally focused assistance as possible, and we are always looking for feedback.  If there is a field study that is missing from the site, a lesson plan you would like to share with the teacher community, or a suggestion for how we can improve Bay Backpack, please contact us.  We are always looking to expand the Bay Backpack community and to share great ideas with our users, so feel free to recommend resources or talk to us about writing a guest blog.  In 2011, we look forward to remaining THE source for Chesapeake Bay education resources, field studies, trainings and funding opportunities for educators.

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Sarah Brzezinski works for the Chesapeake Research Consortium as the Chesapeake Bay Program's Fostering Stewardship and Education Workgroup Team Staffer. She also serves as the content manager of Bay Backpack.

New Year, New Backpacker!

January 3rd, 2011 by Lindsay

Sarah participated in a sea turtle monitoring program while studying in Mexico.

Happy New Year, Bay Backpackers! We certainly hope that you all had enjoyable holidays and took some time to relax outside of your schools and other educational facilities.

As the New Year begins, we’re facing a transition here at Bay Backpack. Not only are we on the cusp of our one-year anniversary, but we also now have a new “head” Bay Backpacker.

Over the past four months or so, Kristin and I have had the privilege of managing the site and working with all of you great environmental educators. We’ve enjoyed meeting you, working with you, hearing your stories and forming partnerships that will last beyond our tenure.

In the beginning of December, Sarah, our new Bay Backpacker, was hired and since then, she has been learning the ropes of the site and how it all works while shadowing Kristin and me.

Sarah comes from a background in environmental science at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pa.  Within her major, she concentrated on conservation, research and stewardship of marine, estuarine and aquatic environments and species. While at Dickinson, she participated in the LUCE Integrative Watershed Semester, which combined classroom activities, community fieldwork, independent research, and travel and immersion in the Chesapeake Bay and Mississippi River basins. She has also worked for the Chesapeake Bay Foundation as a summer education intern on Smith Island. So Sarah is no stranger to the Chesapeake or to the worlds of stewardship and education.

I’ve been around Bay Backpack since its early days, and I’m thrilled with the growth its experienced. And I am very excited for the growth I am sure it will continue to have under Sarah’s direction.

Thank you for allowing Kristin and me to be a part of this community for the past few months. We’ll still be around from time to time, but we hope that you will start this New Year by helping us welcome our New Bay Backpacker!

And be sure to be on the lookout for a series of anniversary posts throughout this month! We can’t believe Bay Backpack is already one year old!

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Lindsay Eney is the Communications Staffer at the Chesapeake Bay Program.